    
    



   Terence McKenna
   FOOD OF THE GODS
   THE SEARCH FOR THE ORIGINAL TREE OF KNOWLEDGE
   A RADICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS, DRUGS, AND HUMAN EVOLUTION
   Bantam Books New York 1992


    	6
      	7
    	8
   :  "     "	8
    	9
    	10
    	11
    	12
   I. 	13
   1. :   	13
      	13
    	14
   ,  	14
     	15
    	15
       	16
   2.   	18
      	18
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   	19
       	20
     	22
       	22
     	23
    	24
   3.    	25
       	25
     	26
    	26
   -	27
      	29
    	29
   4.        	31
    	31
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    	32
        	33
     	33
    	34
     	35
     	35
   5.      	37
   	37
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   	38
    	39
     	39
     	40
      	40
   6.   	42
    	42
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     	45
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    	48
    	49
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    	64
   9.    	65
     	65
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     	67
     	67
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   	70
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     	71
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      XIX 	74
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   14.   	98
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    	100
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    	101
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   15.   	107
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    	109
     	109
    	110
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     	113
      	113
      	114
    	115
    	115
    	116
   :       	118
     ,  ?   , ?	118
       	119
        	119
   	125

    
    
      
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    . ,   ,   . 
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- ",    " (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1982). . 223  . 225.
   , )     -    Amanita
muscaria.
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    .

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Charles Thomas, 1972), . 27, . 104.
                  
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   WILSON, H. H., trans. (1928) Rig-Veda Sanhita  (5  vols.)  Poona,  India:
Ashtekar. WINDHOLZ, Martha, ed. (1976) The Merck Index  (9th  ed.).  Rahway,
N.J.: Merck. WINN, Marie.  (1977)  The  Plug-In  Drug.  New  York:  Penguin.
ZAHNER, R. C. (1961) The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism. New  York:  G.
P.
   Putnam's Sons.


   
   , 37 , 356 , 237 , 131 ,  182
, 63-65, 356 , 233
   -   , 204
   - , 189-193, 224, 261
   -   , 194-195, 224, 227, 265
   -  , 189, 1%, 275
   -  , 187-189, 194-197
   -   , 194-197
   -  , 186-187, 189-190 "  "  (),
249 , 182, 191, 192, 193, 249-250,
   329   ,
   29-30, 35-36, 79, 129, 285, 287, 294,
   304, 312,  326,  327.  .    ;  ,  .  Amanita
muscaria (). . . , 98
   Anadenanthera peregrina. 326 . . -; 
   .  ":    ."  (),  142  
, 47 / mundi, 133   , 44 , 169,  174
, , 132, 133,
   137, 138, 216, 315-345, 356   ( ),
   19, 20, 35, 39, 133, 283, 306
   -    , , , 98-99, 163, 168, 185, 339
   -    -, 213, 312
   -  , 100-101
   -  , 231 Aspilia. 44 
   -   , 340, 343, 357-358
   -   , 51-53
   -  , 67, 69, 94, 112, 124, 161
   -  , 112, 114, 117, 120
   -   
   , 66-72
   Stropharia cubensis , 165 , 65, 68, 102, 254 -,  143
, 36, 65, 79, 102, 285-290, 356
   -    , 38-39
   ,51, 219
    (), 47, 48
   , , 130, 131
   ,  , 208
   Banisteriopsis caapi. 36, 285-288, 294, 356
   "  - ,        "
(), 294
   , , 188
   , , 67-68, 101-102, 356
      , 110
    ( ), 131, 188, 284
   " " (0'-), 209
   , , 230
   , , 292-293
   , , 214, 237, 266
    , 99. .  .
   -, 65, 69, 285, 311, 356
    (), 53
   , , 212
   " " (), 214 , , 132 /
   -   , 330
   -  , 91
   -  "", 86
   - , 156-157 "    " (),162
    . . . -, 127  ,  ,  208,
262 "   "
   (), 286  - ,
   233-235, 257 Brugmansia, 149 Brunfelsia, 149 , 98 , 302
   "   " (), 108, 113
   , , 294, 295
   , 139-141, 145, 152, 161. .  "".
   , , 131, 209
   , , 295
    . . .
   "  " (), 335
   " " (), 248
     , 71, 111, 113
    . . , .
   , 324
   , 32, 34
   - , 38-39, 102, 288-290
   - , 311
   - , 198, 202, 210-212, 214-215, 285
   -   , 69
   - , 92-93, 95-96, 172, 294 '- , 65, 288, 298, 323-326
   -  , 141,145, 147,152
   -   , 179
   - , 65, 102
   - , 64, 297
   - , 291-293
   - , 256-262, 285
   - , 290-291 ,  , 191
    , 270, 271 ,188
   - , 188
   -  /, 188
   , , 161, 162
   Virola, 149, 326
    , 356
    (), 59, 219-221
   , () , 21, 25-26, 37, 72,  99-100,  114,
126-127, 129, 161, 164, 167-168, 320, 340, 343
   -  , 186, 194-197
   -  /,128,160,167, 357
   -    , 220-221, 237, 243-244, 277-280, 334
   -  , 100
   -  , 230-231
   -   , 103-105, 194-197
   -        ,  25-26,  103,  128-129,  203,
215-216, 283-284, 299-303, 307-308, 327
   
   -  , 32, 33
   -  , 54
   -  , 82
   " " (), 232
   , , 264
   , 285, 294-295, 304, 310
   "  " (  ), 154 
   -  , 63-65, 68, 72-74, 155,  166,  251,  284-304,  311,
323, 328-329, 342, 356, 357, 358, 359
   -  , 198
   -   , 314-315
   - , 63
   - , 312-314
   .   ;
   .
   , 209. .  .       ,
304-305
   , 54, 65, 145-147, 294, 356 , 65, 287, 294, 356 , 198,
199-200, 202, 205, 208-210,
   212, 214-216, 251, 285, 296 "   " ( 
   ), 209
   ,  ,  133-134,  309,   356-357      ,   
, 228
    , 249  ø,  ,  182  ,  182
, 200 , 236, 242, 245, 254, 258, 265-266,
   272, 275, 278, 301, 302, 322
   -  4 "-", 275 ,  , 238, 262 . . ;
.   .
   . Peganum harmala. , , 127, 162 , 169-172 
(  ), 357
   -  . 87 ,  ,  230    ,  ,  86
, 49-54, 112
   - , 22, 46, 64-55, 57-58, 60,82
   - , 52-53
   -  , 52-53
   -    "    ",
78, 89, 96
   - , 51-53
    , 233
   , .302
   , , 208
   , , 260
   , , 174, 177-178, 182, 268
    . . ;
    ;    .      
, 109 
   - Amanita muscaria (), 148-153, 157-160, 162, 178, 356
   - , 142, 162
   - basidiomycete, 47
   -  , 96
   -  , 54, 72, 93, 97, 148, 184
   -  , 54, 57, 58, 88, 97
   - , 142
   - , 110, 129, 148, 156-157, 172
   -   , 171
   -  , 92
   -    , 107, 109,110
   - // cubensis/
   Stropharia cubensis (), 36, 49. 64,  69-72,  74-75,  114,  148,
152-154, 157-163, 165-169, 171-172, ,178, 182,  206,240,  253,285,294,  304,
305-306, 310, 326, 340, 358 .  ; , . .
   " * (), 88
    , 191
   , 85, 97
   , 57, 73,81
   Dawamesc, 208
   Datura ( ), 131,149, 188,
   253, 284
   "  * (), 177 " * (), 297  
, , 210, 245, 259-262 , 175, 176, 179,  246,  247  ,
, 85-86 , , 296 , , 100 ,    ,
295 ,  , 147 , 
   -   , 22,45,46,54,57,58, 60, 61, 82
   - , 197, 226, 332 ,  .,  277  .  .
.  /, 169, 173-174, 177-179, 188
   -  , 174-175
   - , 103
   , 205
   , 54, 64, 69, 251, 285, 287, 298, 304,
   312, 314, 323-329,  358  "  ",  250  ,  ,  127
"  " (,  
   ), 93, 182
   ,   , 270    (  ),  114  ,
131-132 , , 208
   , 114, 116 , , 111
   , , 298 ,  
   - / , 98-99
   -  , 25,131-133, 194-197,
   283
   -   , 97, 98, 100, 284
   .  ; , . 
   -  , 188, 194-197
   -   , 195-197
   -   , 103-105
   -     , 89-90
   -  (), 131
   - , 25, 131-133, 220
   .  . 
   -   , 123-125
   -   , 44-45, 219
   -   , 18, 189 .  .
    , 46 ,  , 19, 23-24,
   138, 203-294, 215-216, 272-277, 303,
   307
   -      , 272-274
   -  , 189, 197
   -  , 327
   -  , 203-204, 215-216
   -  , 305
   - , 208, 236, 242
   -    , 337-339
   -  No I, 68, 327
   , , 67
   , 98, 173
   ,  , 89-91
   
   -  ()  (/), 99, 100,- 106-107,  11,  113,  126-129,
132-133, 144, 155,160,161,166,174,179, 182, 184, 193, 246-248, 356
   -   , 22, 23, 26,
   134, 137-138, 331, 333, 340-345  /, 167,  172,  247  "
" (), 270 , 143-145 " *, 147 , ., 144
    I , 255 , 65, 67-69, 102
   , 65, 68, 302
   -  " ", 101-102
   "  ,         "
(), 296
   , 114
   , 91, 117
    . . .
    ( ), 39, 288
   -,  ., 127
    , 83
   , 98
   
   -  , 152-153
   -  , 201-202, 207
   -  , 30
   -  , 225
   , 126-128, 138-139. 143. 155-156, 160-161, 167, 186, 357-358
    . . .
   , 98, 141,202,207
   , 131
   ,268
   . .  .
   , 35
   Ipomoea violacea; 295, 310
   , 147, 155, 236
   , 111, 156
    , 64, 292
   /,  34,  317-318.   .         ;
 .
   "   -  " ( ), 259, 261
   "  -   " (), 268, 269
   , 156
   . . .
   , 30
   " " , 98
   , , 317
   -,  ,   128   ,   .   .   

   -  , 128
   -  , 44 , , 39 , 357
   , , 172, 180, 186,  246  ,  ,  341-342  "
" (  ),
   300-301 
   -  , 236, 275, 321
   -  , 257-258
   -   , 201
   -  , 257
   -  , 233
   Claviceps paspali, 181
   Claviceps purpurea, 179
    (  
   ), 199, 253  . 208 ,  ,  293,  295,  304
"     ".     112,     114,     117,     171     ,      267-270
,16,193,236,245,251,254,257,
   258, 264, 265, 267-273, 275, 280, 302303, 307, 322
   . 130, 131, 209, 284 , , 268
   ,    ,  210,  245,  259  ,  ,   250-251
, 30, 36, 304  . 142, 143 , 145, 198-216, 292
   - , 204, 216
   -/, 199
   -  . 204
   - , , 203
   .  . , 69, 357 , , 240 , 204, 208,
223, 224, 236, 237-241,
   270 , 226, 236, 238, 240. . 
   ;  ;  .  -,  ,  294  ,  ,   116
, 221, 222 , 94
   . .  .  , 111, 119, 120,
   123, 357   
   -   , 49, 69, 71, 144, 152-153, 157, 186, 357
   -  , 155
   -   , 110,121,124,128, 144,152,157,163, 170,171, 174
   -  , 125 "  " (), 25-26, 129 
   -  , 17, 356, 360
   -    , 49-60, 93-94, 98, 132
   - ,17
   - , 132
   - , 98-99
     , 117-119
   
   -  () /, 71, 110,  113,  114,  127-129,
168-169
   - , 110, 148, 165, 172, 186
   - , 132
   -   /, 110, 121, 124. 128, 144, 152, 186
   -  (), 156-157, 158
   - , 132
   - /, 165, 186
   - . 165-183, 283
   - , 98
   - . 138-163
   - , 128 , 90
   ,  ,  243    ,  126,  127,  336-337    
 , 201, 210, 256, 288, 326
    , , 295
   , 208, 245, 250
   ,  , 214-215
   , -, 109, 110, 125
   , 57-58
   , 68
   ,  ., 52
   , , 33
   , , 195, 238, 290, 291, 294
   . . .
   , , 300
   , 237
   , , 213, 259, 304-306, 313
   , , 108, 111, 113
   Lophophora williamsii, 291
   , , 128, 160
    63-64, 69, 148, 254, 256, 295,
   296-297, 299-303, 305-306, 311, 335 ",  
   ", 302 , , 191
    , 156-157, 169 , , 319
   , 90
   , 251-253, 310
   , , 30-32, 306, 359
   , , 359
   -  , 30
   -     -, 129, 312-315, 330
   -  , 151
   -   , 30, 35-39, 129, 222-223, 288
   -       , 311-339
   -      , 337-339
   - , 306
   , , 133, 319
    , 268, 269
   , 284
   , . , 270
   , , 148, 178, 295, 310
   , , 158
   ,  , 181
   .307
   , 19, 254, 307
   , 169-171, 186-187, 246-248
   -  ( ), 164, 165,  171,  186,  253  
. . . , , 117, 118, 121-124,
   126, 166 , 147, 357
   , 84, 291-293, 295, 296, 311 " * (),
   293 ",    
    " (),
   293
   , 277 , , 213, 305, 313 ,  ,  104
 , 166-175,180,182,186,
   209, 246
    , 165-183 , 47
   , 21, 40, 169-171, 173-174 /-, 301, 336  -   ,
82, 87
   -   , 89
   -  , 311-313
   -  , 82
   - , 82
   -   , 52
   -  , 52-54 , ,  326  ,  ,
142 . . . , 240
      .-, 209, 262 , .-., 268, 269  ,  193,  236.
242, 262, 264, 265,
   272
   "" (), 260 
   -   , 195
   -  , 51, 90
   -  , 244
   - , 107
   - ,203
   -    , 103-105
   , , 88
   , 150
     . 202, 205-206
   , 150
    (Amanita muscaria). . .
   , , 214
   , 207,225
   , 96
    , 109, 110, 113,
   . 115,124,125
   "  " (),
   109, 110, 125  , 117-120, 124,
   171, 357
   -  , 119 
   -  . 35, 99
   -      XIX , 212
   -  , 81
   -  , 165
        ,44
   , 89
   " * (.  . ), 30-32, 359

   , , 246, 248 , , 23, 34, 39,  132-134  ,
  ,  208   ,   ,   254-255   Nicotiana   rustica,   252,   255
Nicotiana-tabacum, 255,  256      ,  ,  71,  200  
/, 149, 251, 254-255, 326, 327
   , , 148, 154, 285, 294, 304, 306
    (), 59
   , . , 202
   , 172-173, 201, 208-209, 210, 212, 223, 224, 236, 242, 245-250,  251,
256, 257-258, 262, 285, 292, 300, 343
   - , 257-258
   -   , 259-262
   - , 242, 245-248
   . . ; ; ; ;  ;  .  .-.,70,
109, 110,306 , , 303, 319 , 315, 316 ,   
, 51,
   90,97 0' .-., 209
   , 117-120, 124
   , , 251
   , 249-250
   , , 147,157
   , , 25-26, 72,  100-105,  126,  129,  155,161,164,166,
167, 182, 185, 203, 230,331,337
   -   , 112-120, 230, 344-345
   . . .
    . .  .
   Peganum harmala. 69, 147, 155-156, 294, 357
   Periploca, 145
   , 290-291, 304
   , ., 294
    (), 175
   " " (), 152
       ,  , 52
    , , 52
    , 114
   , 179-180, 186
   , 182
   -- (), 251
     , 80. .  .
   , 17-18, 94. .  ; .
    .  , 52
   
   -   , 35, 72, 137-138, 163
   -  XIX  , 73, 231
   -  (  ), 21, 23, 73, 91, 174, 309
   -  , 91
   -  , 17
   -   , 74, 129, 138
   -   , 21, 23, 133-134, 138, 315
   -  , 20, 72, 98, 230
   .   . 
   - . 59, 60, 219-221
   -     , 45-46, 49-51
   -  , 55-59, 74-75
   -  , 42-44
   ,189, 205,247
   ,313
    , 79
   , 169-172
   , , 207, 209
   /, 34
   -  , 87
   -   , 96 -, 69-72, 182    (
 ), 16-17, 60, 319
   -  . 264
   -  , 274-275
   -  , 238
   -   (  ), 242-243, 265-266, 272-274
   -  , 224-226
   -  , 242-243, 265
   -  , 277-280
   -  , 18
   -    , 79, 216, 232
   - , 18
   .  ,  .
   "      " (), 85
   "  " ( I), 255-256
       , 262, 290, 303, 338
    , , , 
   - , 320-321, 334, 336
   - . . .
   - , 319
   - , , 337-339
   -  (), 20-22, 43-44, 61, 76-78, 314-345
   - , 18-19, 189, 261, 264-277,311
   - , 19
   -  , 227-228, 236, 258, 273-277, 280, 302
   .  ;  .
   , 36, 64,69,70,114, 148, 152-154, 157-163, 285,  305-306,  325,
357,358
   - , 314
   -  , 148
   -   , 54-57, 59
   -   , 56
   -   , 56,152,153, 306
   -  , 49-61, 93-94, 96-97, 133
   -    , 57, 74-75, 87-88 .  .
   ":     " (   ),
70, 109, 110, 306
   , 64, 69, 325,358
   , 97, 99, 306, 315, 330. .  ; .
    (/-)  ,  18-22,  40-41,
63-65, 164, 206
   -   , 177-178, 182
   -    , 36, 169
   -  / , 22, 45, 54-55, 58, 60, 82, 220
   -  --, 98
   -    , 115
   -  , 283-309
   -   , 112, 114
   -  (), 154
   -  ,     (-), 66-72
   -   , 62-63
   -   , 17, 22-26
   -  , 307-308
   -    , 164-166, 182-183
   - ,  , 76-78
   -    (/)  ,  213,  313  .  
; ; ; ; ; ;
   .
   , , 114-115
     , 187
   , , 249
     , 47-48 . .  .  -  .,  294
, 227-228, 236
   -  , 194, 228-229
   ,  . ., 158, 179
   "   " (), 118
   " :   " (), 158
     , 239
   , 239
   , 61
   - , 356
   -  , 44
   -  , 33-35
   - /, 39 ,  , 294 
   -  ( , , ), 99, 101, 106-107, 111,  113,  114,
124, 128-129, 132-133, 144, 155, 160, 163, 166, 174, 179, 182,184, 246, 248
   -   , 97-98
   -    , 54,72, 93, 96, 133, 165-166
   -  ( , ), 98-100,  103,  127,  182,
206, 231,283
   - /,
   128, 156, 184
   .  . Retsina, 188 . . .
   "", 139-141, 156, 157, 168, 171  , 220, 228
   -   ,  195        /
, 42-43,
   76-78, 213
   , , 252 , , 44  ,  ,  249  ,
, 127
   , , 172
     (), 21, 112,117,
   171. .  .
   Sarcostemma, 145
   ,103
   , 194, 231, 232-233, 234-236, 240
   -  , 194, 227-230
   - , 226-227
   , , 111, 117, 119, 157
   Saccharum officinarum, 224. . 
   .
    , 18, 321-322 " * (),  229  
, 102, 238-239 
   -  , 103-105, 194-197
   -   , 103-105,
   128-129
   ,   , 176 , , 267 ,  ,  119,
123, 124  /, 148, 152,
   159, 160
    . , 304  ,  46-49  ,  79-89  ,
173-174  (), 156, 158 , 200-201, 357 .  .  .  ,
, 39, 262, 315
   -  , 40 , 22, 83-86, 297
   -   , 22-23, 78, 86-88, 83-94, 114, 133, 148,  173,
297-298, 312-314
   -  , 20, 23,46,
   62-63, 84-85, 173, 208, 287
   - , 83
   - , 319-320
   , 137-163, 168, 171, 181, 185, 188. .  .
   ":   * (), 146, 148
   "  " (-), 130
   Sophora secundifolia, 149
   , 220-223
   - , 222
   , 179-182, 285, 296, 310. .  .
   , , 285
    , 220-221, 227-228, 283-284
   , , 127
   , , 300
   , , 232
   "  -   - ", 270
   ",         "
(), 296
   Stropharia cubensis () . . .
     , 115
   , 199, 208, 224, 226, 242-245, 250-251, 253-256, 261, 265
   - , 251-253 Tabemantha/ Tabemamontana iboga, 65,
   67-68, 102, 358
   ",   " (), 327 - , 107-113, 117,
   120, 358
   -  , 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115,120, 125
   -    ,  117  ,  ,  44  ,   ,   210-212
, 277-280, 302 , 294 , 289, 294
   Theobroma cacao, 240. .  .
   , 238, 240  ,  295  ,  247  -,  44
-, 119
   ,  ., 214
   , 95
    , 32,39,57, 74-75,
   88, 97, 129, 314, 324  , 21, 25 , ,
335  , 64, 69,
   311-314,358 Turbina corymbosa, 310    ,  148  .  .
-; 
   .
   ,  , 83 , , 128 ,  .,  47,  49,
52  --  (),  117      ,  44
, . X., 94 ,  ,  285  ,  ,  147,
298, 310, 320,
   356, 360
   , . , 93, 95-96, 147-149, 152-154,  157-159,  171,  178-182,
298, 306, 310, 320, 356, 358, 360  "  ",  54-55,  63-65  
, , 290, 291
    -  /, 67-68,
   101-102
   ,  ., 227 ,358  ,  ,  253  ,  ,
54-55 , , 147 , , 268
   , ,  84-85,  312  ,  140,  143-147,  188,  358  "  
" ( 
   ), 147 , , 156 , , 154, 159 Helms games,  358
. . . ո,  , 216 , . 301-302 ,
, 291 , , 229 , , 305  Homo  sapiens,  50,
52, 79 , ,35
   , , 148,176-182, 295-297
   299, 310, 320 , , 303 , 103, 131-132, 182 231
   240-241, 283, 333
      (),  236,  358,  274-276,  280
300-303, 321, 334, 336
   , 224, 232-235, 270 "-:    " (),
121, 122 -, , 91, 120-129, 155
   157, 166, 186, 358
   -  , 122
   -    .
   127
   "      "  (),  277    ,  99

   -   , 85
   - , '80-82
   - , 81, 358, 360  , 89    ,
45
   
   -   , 30, 304, 326
   -  , , 304
   -   , 36-37, 96-97, 317-318; 330-343
   -  , 32-33
   -    , 79
   -   , 294
   - , 30, 32, 33, 39, 358
   - , 148, 152,159
   -    ,  252  ":        "
(), 30 
   -   / , 107, 109
   -     , 172
   -  , 34
   -  , 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40-41, 97, 149,  285,
287, 288-290, 294, 304, 311, 312
   -   , 37,40
   -   /, 31
   -   , 22, 39
   - . 167, 246
   -       , 95, 147.213
   - , 40, 288-290
   -  , 23, 30-33,
   40, 88, 94-96, 152 , , 147  , 223  -,  201
 , 203-204, 280,
   299-303, 313, 328, 336 , , 300 , 44, 51 ,  ,
141 , 236, 240-241    .
   262, 264
   " " (), 300 ,  ., 286, 295, 303-304,
   320. 327
   ,  , 180 , , 17
   -  , 57-58, 81
   -  , 49-61, 74-75, 93-94, 132, 148
   -  , 46-49
   -  /, 79-89
   -  " ", 117-119
   - " ", 54-55, 63-65
   -  , 52-54
   - , 22-23, 45-46
   .  . "", 25, 86, 88, 163, 206
   -   , 97-100, 230
   .   .  (), 164, 184-185, 190, 345
   -  , 112-119  ,  312-314  ,  ,
25-26, 126, 129, 182 , 73, 96, 132, 318, 358 ""  (
 ). . . / , 23,
   30-33, 86, 94-96, 145, 149, 163, 182,
   251
   -    , 100
   -   , 166, 186
   -  , 323-327, 329
   -  , 96
   -  . 98
   -   () , 115,266
   -  , 86-88
   - , 94
   - , 166, 169, 174  , 131, 166, 169,
   175-183, 185, 262 , , 30, 31, 39, 96, 358 , ,  291,
293  ,  358  ,    .,  215  ,  154,  358
 , 58, 358,
   360
    0.-., 70. 109, 110, 306 , 147,  360  ,
360 . 145. 164
   , , 329
   , 194 . 44
   -  . 88-89
   -  , 79-82
   -  , 54, 57, 58, 97
   -  , 89-91
   -  , 33-35
   -  , 23, 54, 57, 79-89
   -   , 86-88, 94-96
   - , 127
   -   , 79-81
   -   , 206
   -    , 88-89

   *  "drug"            :  ,
, , ,    ()    
         .  -
. .

   *  --: .   ,      
. - . .
   *        ""        ,      
  ,      
    .     
 ,          ,    
 - " " (1992). - . .

   * , , ,   (.). - . .

   *    . - . .

   *  -     -.. - . .

   *  . - . .

   *  -      ,      ,  
, -  ,       
   . - . .

   *         ""  (spirits)  
   "" (spiritus) - . 

   * * , . - . .

   * *  ""        
()  ,       .  -
. . .  . ., . "", 1994, No  20,  .  28.  -
. .

   * . - ..

   
   
   1 .      "      -  *
(McCoy A. W., The Politics of Heroin in Southeast  Asia.  New  York:  Harper
Colophon Books, 1972),   . 16 : "      [
!              
           
      -        .
                   
,   -           
  (   - ..) -   ,
      -      
""    .
   2  Victor  Marchetti,  John  D.  Marks,  The  CIA   and   the   Cult   of
Intelligence.New York: Knopf, 1974), p. 256. . : . Kruger (1980), A.
W. McCoy (1972).
   3 Ronald . Siegel, Intoxication (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989), p. 119.

   4 Riane Eisler, The Chalice and the Blade (San Francisco: Harper  &  Row,
1987).
   1. :   

   1 . Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (New  York:
Pantheon, 1964), pp. 23ff.

   2 Dennis McKenha and Terence McKenna, The Invisible Landscape (New  York:
Seabury Press, 1975), p.9.
   3 Eliade (1959), p. 9.
   4 . : Roger Lewin, In the Age  of  Mankind  (New  York:  Smithsonian
Institution, 1988), p.180.
   5  .:  William  Burroughs  and  A.  Ginsberg,  The  Yage  Letters  (San
Francisco: City Light Books, 1963).

   2.   
   1 E. Rodriguez. M, Aregullin, S. Uehara,  .  Nishida,  R.  Wrangham,  Z.
Abramowski, A. Finlayson, and G. H. N. Towers, "Thiarubrine-A,  A  Bioactive
Constituent  of  Aspllia  (Asteraceae)  Consumed   by   Wild   Chimpanzees,"
Experientia 41 (1985): 419-420.

   2 Edward 0.  Wilson,  Biophllia  (Cambridge,  Mass.:  Harvard  University
Press, 1984), p. 33.

   3 Charles J. Lumsden and Edward 0. Wilson, Promethean  Fire:  Reflections
on the Origin of Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), p.
33.

   4  . . 15.

   5 Roland Fischer,  et  al.,  "Psilocybin-Induced  Contraction  of  Nearby
Visual Space", Agents and Actions 1, no. 4 (1970): 190-197.

   6 Dennis McKenna,  "Hallucionogens  and  Evolution".  Seminar  transcript
abstract. 1984, Esalen, p.2.

   3.    
   1 A. Hotter and H. Osmond, New Hope for Alcoholics (New York:  University
Boors, 1968).

   2 Carl Saur, Atari's Impact on  the  Earth  (New  York:  Academic  Press,
1973).

   3 James W. Fernandez, Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious  Imagination
in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982).

   4 Gracie  and  Zarkov,  "An  Indo-European  Plant  Teacher",  Notes  from
Underground 10 (Berkeley).

   5 . . Oss and 0. N. Oeric.  Psilocybin:  The  Magic  Mushroom  Grower's
Guide (Berkeley: Lux Natura Press, 1986).

   4.   :
       
   1 Herbert V. Ouenther. Tibetan Buddhism  without  Mystification  (Leiden,
Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1986), p. 66.

   2 Francisco J. Varela and A. Coutinho "The Body Thinks: How and  Why  the
Immune System Is Cognitive" in The Reality Club, ed. John Brockman, vol.  2.
(New York: Phoenix Press. 1988).

   3 Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (New York: Harper, 1954), p.  22
(. :  .  . . " - XXI  ,  1994,
. 15-16).

   4 Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness  in  the  Breakdown  of  the
Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Miftin, 1977).

   5 Henry Munn, "The Mushroom of Language",  in  Michael  J.  Harner,  ed.,
Shamanism and Hallucinogens (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 88.

   6 . F. Jindrak and H. Jindrak, "Mechanical  Effect  of  Vocalization  of
Human Brain and Meninges", Medical Hypotheses 25 (1989), pp. 17-20.

   5.      
   1 R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, and Carl Ruck, The  Road  to  Eleusis
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978) p. 23.

   2 . H. Waddington, The Nature of Life (London: Alien & Unwin, 1961).

   3 Mircea Eliade, Yoga: Immortality and Freedom (New York: Pantheon, 1958)
p. 320.

   4 R. Gordon Wasson, The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica  (New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), p. 225.

   5         .
: R. Gordon Wasson, 5ome; Divine Mushroom  of  Immortality  (New  York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971,), pp. 326-334.

   6 James W. Fernandez, Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imaginations
in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 311.
   7. Christian Ratsch  and  Claudia  Muller-Ebeling,  Isoldens  Liebestrank
Aphrodisiaka In Geschichte und Gegenwart (Munich: Kindler Verlag, 1986).
   8. Jeans Baker Miller, Toward a New Psychology of Women  (Boston:  Beacon
Press, 1986).

   6.   

   1           
 ,       ,        (.
).              
      .          
    ,          
        
  .      
        ,  
        . .: Samorinj G,
1989, pp. 18-22. .  .  .  :  Roger  Lewin,  "Stone  Age
Psychedelia" in New Scientist, 8 June 1991, pp. 30-34.

   2 Leonel Balout, Algerie Prehistortgue (Paris: Art et Metiers Graphiques,
1958).

   3 John E. Preiffer, The Creative Explosion: An Inquiry into  the  Origins
of Art and Religions (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell  University  Press,  1982),  p.
213.

   4 James Mellaart, Earliest Civilisations of  the  Near  East  (New  York:
McGraw-Hill, 1965), p. 29.

   5 Mary Settegast, Plato Prehistorian (Cambridge: Rotenberg Press,  1987),
p. 154.

   6 Donald Owen Henry, The Natufian of Palestine: Us Material  Culture  and
Ecology (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1973), p. v.

   7 D. A. E. Garrod, "The Natufian Culture:  The  Lite  and  Economy  of  a
Mesolithic People in the Near East", Proceedings of the British  Academy  43
(1957): 211-227.

   8 Settegast, op. cit., p. 2.

   9 Mellaart, op. cit.; Mellaart, Catal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia
(New York: McGraw-Hill. 1967), pp. 221-222.

   10  , . 226.

   11 Settegast, op. cit., pp. 166-167.

   12 Mellaart, Earliest Civilizations, p. 77.

   13 Settegast. op. cit., p. 180.

   14 Mellaart, Earliest Civilizations, p. 77.

   15 Marija Gimbutas, The Goddesses  and  Gods  of  Old  Europe  (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1982).

   16 Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle  of  Indo-European
Origins (London: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 171.

   17 Vitaly Shevoroshkin, "The Mother Tongue", The Science, May/June  1990,
pp. 20-27.

   18 R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, and Carl Ruck, The Road  to  Eleusis
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978)

   19.  Hans  Peter  Duerr,  Dreamtime:  Concerning  the  Boundary   between
Wilderness and Civilization (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), p. 4.

   7.   -   ""

   1 . Anuvaka: V, X, 5, 1

   2 H.H. Wilson, trans., Rig-Veda Sonhita (Poona, India:  Ashtekar,  1928),
vol. 5, p. 287.

   3 Adolf Kaegi, The  Rig  Veda:  The  Oldest  Literature  of  the  Indians
(Boston: Ginn, 1886), pp. 72-73.

   4 R. S. Zahner, The  Dawn  and  Twilight  of  Zoroastrianism  (New  York:
Putnam, 1961) p. 86.

   5 H. D. Griswold, The Religion of the Rigveda (London: Oxford  University
Press, 1923).

   6 Zahner, op. cit., p. 86.

   7 George W. Cox, The Mythology of the Aryan  Nations  (London:  C.  Kegan
Paul, 1878), pp. 387-388.

   8 .: Ernest Bender, ed., R. Gordon Wasson on  Soma  and  Daniel  H.  H.
Ingalls' Response (Publication #7), (New  Haven:  American  Orient  Society,
1971).

   9 David Flattery and Martin Schwartz, Haoma and Harmaline,  Near  Eastern
Studies, vol. 21 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

   10  ,  31.

   11 R. Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine  Mushroom  of  Immortality  (New  York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), p. 75.

   12 Martha Windholz, ed.. The Merck Index. 9th ed. (Rahway, N. J.:  Merck,
1976).

   13     1988 

   14 R. Gordon Wasson, Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and  the  Origins  of
Religion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986) p. 135.

   15  , . 134.

   16 R. Gordon Wasson, The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica (New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1980), p. xvi.

   17 Flattery and Schwartz, op. cit.

   18 S. H. Hooke, Babylonian and Assyrian Religion (Norman:  University  of
Oklahoma Press, 1963), p. 19.

   19 Gaston Maspero, The Dawn of Civilization - Egypt and Chaldea  (London:
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894), p. 655.

   20 Wasson, Soma, p. 256.

   21 Carl Ruck, co-author. The Road to Eleusis (New  York:  Harcourt  Brace
Jovanovich, 1978), in Wasson, Persephone's Quest, p. 256.

   22 P.  ,  , 1977.

   23 .: Marija Gimbutas, The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe,  6500-3500
B.C.: Myths  Cult  Images  (Berkeley:  University  of  California  Press.
1982), p. 219.
   8.   :     

   1 Riane Eisler, The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our  Future  (San
Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987), pp. 30-31.

   2 Martin P. Nilsson,  History of Greek Religion (New York: W. W. Norton.
1964) p. 13.

   3 Carl  Kerenyi,  Dionysos:  Archetypal  Image  of  Indestructible  Life,
Bollingen Series LXV (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), p.

   4 .: Elmer G. Suhr, Before Olympos (New York: Helios Books, 1967).

   5  , 811; Tzetes,   , 798;  ,  
, 369, 20  894, 42.

   6 Bibliotheke III, 3 f.

   7 Axel W. Persson, The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1942), p. 10.

   8 R. Gordon Wasson, Soma:  Divine  Mushroom  of  Immortality  (New  York:
Harcout Brace Jovanovich, 1971), p. 16.

   9 Kerenyi, op. cit" p. 27.

   10  Walter  F.  Otto,  Dionysus  Myth  and  Cult  (Bloomington:   Indiana
University Press, 1965), p. 65.

   11 Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, 2 vols. (Baltimore: Penguin, 1955), p.
57.

   12 Persson, op. cit., p. 150.

   13 Le Clerc de Septchenes, The Religion of the  Ancient  Greeks  (London:
Elliot and T. Kay, 1788), p. 180.

   14 Walter F. Otto, "The Meaning of the Eleusinian Mysteries",  in  Joseph
Campbell, Eranos Yearbook Number Two: The  Mysteries  (New  York:  Pantheon,
1955), p. 23.

   15 Robert Graves, Difficult Questions, Easy Answers (Garden City, N.  Y.:
Doubleday, 1964), pp. 106-107.

   16 R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, and Carl Ruck, The Road  to  Eleusis
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978).

   17 Kerenyi, op. cit., p. 53.

   18 Mary  Allerton  Kilbourne  Matossian,  Poisons  of  the  Past:  Molds,
Epidemics, and History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).

   19 A. Hoffer and H. Osmond, The Hallucinogens (New York: Academic  Press,
1967), p. 84

   9.    
   1 Aldous Huxley, Moksha:  Writings  on  Psychedelics  and  the  Visionary
Experience, Michael Horowitz and Cynthia Palmer, eds. (Los Angeles: Tarcher.
1977), p. 97.

   2 Fasti III 736.

   3 Carl  Kerenyi,  Dionysos:  Archetypal  Image  of  Indestructible  Life,
Bollingen Series LXV (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 98.

   4 E. S. Drower, Water into Wine (London: John Murray, 1956), p. 7.

   5 Ronald . Siegel, Intoxication (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989), p. 119.

   6 James R. Ware, Alchemy. Medicine, Religion in the China of A.  D.  320:
The Nei Pien of  Hung (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press), p. 72.

   7 Richard R. Matheson, The Eternal Search: The Story of Man and His Drugs
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1985).

   8 Charles H. La Wall, The Curious Lore of Drugs and Medicines through the
Ages (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1927), p. 158.

   9 Lewis Lewin, Phantasiica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York:  E.
P. Dutton, 1931), p. 190.

   10.    :   
   1  .:  Robert  P.  Walton,  Marijuana:  America's  New  Drugs   Problem
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1938), pp. 188-195.

   2 , , H. , . (London: George Bell and Sons, 1901), .
IV, . 74.

   3 , . I, . 202.

   4 Julian quoted in Walton, op. cit., p. 3.

   5 J. Campbell Oman, The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of  India  (London:
T. Fischer Unwin, 1903).

   6 Quoted in Walton, op. cit., p. 8.

   7 J. F. de Lacroix, Anecdotes Arabes et Musulmanes, Depuis I'An de J.  C.
614 (Paris: Vincent, 1772), p. 534.

   8 Bayard Taylor, The Lands of the Saracen (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1855),
pp. 137-139.

   9 Fitz Hugh Ludlow, The Hasheesh Eater: Being Passage from the Life of  a
Pythagorean (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1857), p. 86.

   10  , pp. 288-289.

   11.  : , ,   
   1 De Lacy O'Leary,  How  Greek  Science  Passed  to  the  Arabs  (London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949), p. 71.

   2 Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants That  Transformed  Mankind
(new York: Harper & Row, 1985), p. 46.

   3 Janice Keller Phelps and Alan E. Nourse, The Hidden Addiction  and  How
to Get Free (Boston: Little, Brown, 1986), p, 75.

   4 Hobhouse, op. cit., p. 54.

   5 Hobhouse, op. cit., p. 63.

   6 Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems  of  Wallace  Stevens  (New  York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1981).

   7 Hobhouse, op. cit., pp. 96-97.

   8 Hobhouse, op. cit., p. 108.

   9 Lewis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York:  E.
P. Dutton, 1931), pp. 256-257.

   10  , pp. 257-258.

   11 Jonathan  Ott,  The  Cacahuati  Eater:  Ruminations  of  an  Unabashed
Chocolate Eater (Vashon, Washington: Natural Products Co., 1985), pp. 12-22.

   12 . . Oss and 0. N. Oeric, Psilocybin:  The  Magic  Mushroom  Grower's
Guide (Berkeley: Lux Nature Press, 1986), p. 73.

   13. Lewin, op. cit., p. 283.

   12.    :   

   1 Arnold S. Trebach, The Great Drug War (New York: Macmillan,  1987),  p.
291.

   2 Carl  Kerenyi,  Dionysos:  Archetypal  Image  of  Indestructible  Life,
Bollingen Series LXV-(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 23.

   3 William Emboden, Narcotic  Plants  (New  York:  Macmillan,  1979),  pp.
27-28.

   4  Alethea  Hayter,  Opium  and  the  Romantic   Imagination   (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1968), p. 22.

   5 5. Fred Getting's  Dictionary  of  Occult,  Hermetic,  and  'Alchemical
Sigils (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981)        ,  
   ,              
  .

   6 . : Lewin, . 38.

   7 Lewis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York:  E.
P. Dutton, 1931), p. 288.

   8 Francis Robicsek, The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya  Art,  History  and
Religion (Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1978), p. 46.

   9 Peter Furst, Hallucinogens  and  Culture  (San  Francisco:  Chandler  &
Sharp, 1978), p. 28.

   10 Thomas  Bartholin,  Historiarum  anatomicarum  et  medicarum  rariorum
(Copenhagen, 1661).

   11 Emboden, op. cit., p. 38.

   12 Robiscek, op. cit., p. 8.

   13 Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants That Transformed  Mankind
(New York: Harper & Row, 1985), p. 117.

   14 Arthur Waley, The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes  (Stanford:  Stanford
University Press, 1958), pp. 11-157.

   15 Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), pp. 249-
260. Also see Jack Beeching, The Chinese  Opium  Wars  (new  York:  Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1975).

   16 Thomas De Quincey, Confessions  of  an  English  Opium-Eater  (London:
MacDonald, 1822), p. 117.

   17 Hayter, op. cit., p. 103.

   13.  : , ,   
   1 William Burroughs, Naked Lunch (New York: Grove Press, 1959),  p.  viii
(.    .   . ; .: ..  
. .: . "", 1993, .29).

   2 James A. Duke, David Aulik, and Timothy Plowman, "Nutritional Value  of
Coca", Botanical Museum Leaflets of Harvard University 24:6 (1975).

   3 Sigmund Freud, The Cocaine Papers (Vienna: Dunquin Press, 1963), p. 14.

   4 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of Four in The  Complete  Sherlock  Holmes
(New York: Doubleday, 1905).

   5 Introduction by Michael Horowitz, in W.  Golden  Mortimer,  History  of
Coca. the Divine Plant  of  the  Incas  (San  Francisco:  Fitz  Hugh  Ludlow
Library, 1974).

   6 Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast  Asia  (New  York:
Harper Colophon Books, 1972).

   7  Henrik  Kruger,  The  Great  Heroin  Coup:  Drugs,  Intelligence   and
International Fascism (Boston: South End Press, 1980), p. 14.

   8 Philip . Dick, The Man in the High Castle (London: Penguin, 1965).

   9 Marie Winn, The Plug-In Drug (new York: Penguin, 1977), pp. 24-25.

   10 Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Elimination  of  Television  (New
York: Quill. 1978), p. 197.

   11 Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shiain, Acid Dreams: The  ClA.  LSD,  and  the
Sixties Rebellion (new York: Grove Press, 1985), pp. 27-35.

   14.   
   1 Hans Peter Duerr, Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary Between Wilderness
and Civilization (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985).

   2 Richard Spruce, Notes of a Botanist on the Rio Negro,  A.  R.  Wallace,
ed. (London: Macmillan, 1980).

   3 Richard Evans Schultes,  "The  Beta-Carboline  Hallucinogens  of  South
America", Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14, no. 3 (1982): 205-220.

   4 Claudio Naranjo, The Healing Journey: New Approaches  to  Consciousness
(New York: Ballantine,  1973);  Marlene  Dobkin  de  Rios,  Visionary  Vine:
Psychedelic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon (San Francisco: Chandler,  1972);
Luis Eduardo Luna, Vegetallsmo: Shamanism among the  Mestizo  Population  of
the Peruvian Amazon (Stockholm: Alquist & Wiksell, 1986).

   5 . : A. Hoffer and H. Osmond, The Hallucinogens (New York:  Academic
Press, 1967), p. 8.

   6  , . 9.

   7  , . 7.

   8 Heinrich Kluver, Mescal. the Divine Plant and Its Psychological Effects
(London: Kegan Paul, 1928), p. 28.

   9 .: Victor A. Reko, Magische  Gife,  Rausch-und  Betaubungsmittel  der
neuen Welt (Berlin: Express Edition, 1987).

   10 Richard Evans Schuttes, "Plantae Mexicanae, II: The Identification  of
Teonanacati, a Narcotic  Basidiomycete  of  the  Aztecs",  Botanical  Museum
Leaflets of Harvard University (1939) 7:37-54.  , . 286.

   11 Alfred Jarry, Selected Works of Alfred lorry, Roger Shattuck and Simon
Watson Taylor, eds. (New York: Grove Press, 1965).

   12 Albert Hofmann, LSD. My Problem Child (Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1983), p.
15.

   13 Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (New York: Harper, 1954), p. 33
.(.  , .23).

   14 Steven Szara in Psychotropic Drugs, S. Garattini and V. Ghetti,  eds.,
(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1957), p. 460.

   15 Jay Stevens, Storming Heaven: LSD and the American  Dream  (New  York:
Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987); Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shiain, Acid  Dreams:
The ClA. LSD. and the Sixties Rebellion (New York: Grove Press, 1985).

   16 Lee and Shiain, op. cit., p. xxi.

   17 ???

   18 A. Hoffer and H. Osmond, New Hope for Alcoholics (New York: University
Books, 1968).

   19 Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar, Psychedelic Drugs  Reconsidered
(New York: Basic Books, 1979), p. 216.

   20 Lee and Shiain, op. cit., p. 84.

   21 Sophia Adamson, Through the Gateway of the Heart (San Francisco:  Four
Trees Press, 1985).

   15.   

   1 Jan G.  Elferink,  "Some  Little-Known  Hallucinogenic  Plants  of  the
Aztecs", Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20, no. 4.

   2 Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner, The Psychedelic Experience:  A  Manual
Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead (New  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.:  University
Books, 1964).

   3 Martin Moyniham,  Communication  and  Noncommunication  by  Cephalopods
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985).

   4 Hans Jonas, The Phenomenon of Life (New York: Dell, 1966), p. 238.

   5 . G. Jung, Psychology and Alchemy (London:  Routledge  &  Kegan  Paul,
1953), p. 190.

   6 Arnold S. Trebach, The Great Drug War (New York: Macmillan,  1987),  p.
363.

   :       
   1 Arthur Koestler, The Ghost in the Machine (New York: Macmillan,  1967),
p. 339.
