
    
(  ),  
  ,  
 ,  
    
    
 ()  .
 
 
 :    
( XIX -  XX )
,  "", 1999,  63.3 (2), 52,  81
,   - ,  
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 .    
        
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. 
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     .  ,  
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   .
 
*	 
*	   "" 
*	     1917 . 
*	   
*	  
*	     
*	-   
*	     
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*	      XX  
*	    
*	   
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*	      
*	   
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*	   
 


        
,     1861  1917 .      
 ,       
 ""  .   , ,  
    ,        
""      " 
". 
      
  ,    - , , " 
"  ,      ,  
,      ,  , 
 ,    1917 . -    
 .
     :  ,   , 
      , 
 -.  -   ""   , 
 -      ( .. , 
""  ),  -    .
     ,  
 ,       
  (, , , , , , 
  .),      1.    - 
II    ,    
     - .
         ,  -, 
          , 
  .  - ,     
  , ,  ( , ,   
   1918 .,        
 1917 .).         
.      ,      
  ?
        - 
  .  -      
   -   ,    
 .     ,  "" 
   :   .   ,    
        , 
    1880 - 1914 .     ,  
   .   
  ,    ,   
       "".  
 ,   ,      
,         
 .  ,   :  
          
.  , ,   , ,  
   1917 .,  ,  .    
      ,      
     /   
         . 
 ,      , 
   .         
     .   . 
             
 , -   . 
        ,   
   ""    .   
       , , 
  -   .  ,   
 :    .  ,    
,    ,     
,          
. 
        .  
,      -   ,   , 
       .   
 . 
      ,    
 .     -  .     
    . ,     ,  
   .
      ,    
-     ,    
 "".          
   ,    .   . 
 1880-1916 .    158  ,      - 
96,8 .      ,    
 ,      176  
. 
       3  ,  -  
- 1 ,   ,        .     
 2,5 ,   ,     6,5  . 
  ,   ,   
  ,   3-4  ,    36 
     108-144  . 
   1880-1916 .  , , , ,  
    308  2.
 .       
.    ""   "",    
.       "  
 ".  .     .

   ""
 ,   ,      
"",         
3.       ,  :  
  1908-1912 .     79,3%  
   ,  -  24,8%,    
 -  45,9%.  1900  1913 .    
  74,1%    .    
  24 .   1890 .  61 .   1915 . (.15). 
"       
 " (.15), -    .   
,   -   .   ,   
        
    .     
 ,      ,    
,        
.
      ""    . 
,  ,    " .  " (., 1975, . 
16)   " "  ,   
 1914 . 47%  ,     - .. . " 
      " (., 1968, .36),  
   "   " (.15-16).  
    , ,    
   (" .1914-1917". , 1975, .18) 
,          50% 
  1904-1905 .  12,5%  1913 . (.16).
 ,        .  
      :  
        . 
     ,      
 ,          
.       ,    
  (  ,       
 ),   .
      ,   
  . :  1908  1912 .    
 37,5%     ,  -  2,4%,  -  
62,2%,  -  20,9%  -  44,8% (.16).     - 
1909 .  1910 . -    40%   . 
    - 1908 .  1912 . -   11,5% (.16).
     .    .
    .  1908 .     
  .     
  1902 .  1912 .  216,2%.  1915 . 51%    8  
11   ,  68%      ( ). 
 ,     , ,    
 (    - ),  
   -  , , 
  ..,   ,    
(1913 .= 100%, 1914 - 101,2, 1915 - 113,7, 1916 - 121,5%) (.21).
    ,  : -   
,  ,    
, , , - .  ,  
  ,   ,    
    ,   .    
        ,    
-   . ,  , 
,   -   , 
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  .
  ,      -   
     ,     
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, , -  )  ,   
      XX .      
  ,  ,   ""    
, ..    ,       
 ,         
.

     1917 .
          
  .     
     (-, 
),      .  
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    .    
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     ,    , 
        
,     " 4. 
          
      .   
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 ,       "  
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    ,        
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,          
 ,  ).     
    , , , ,  
  ,       
.
* * *
,    .   ,    
 1861 . ( )     , 
   80-       .  
   ,      
-     -  .    
   .    .
 . ,    "    
"5     (.  1).
 1
  ( )
 
1880-4
1900-4
1910-13
/
()
22 865
(1880)
53 234
(1900)
70 156
(1913)

(. )
127,6
(1879-
84)
281,2
(1895-
1904)
388,5
(1905-
13)
 ( 
)
(. )
477,0
2 773,0
3 870,0

( )
0,25
2,35
4,20

(. )
764,0
10 794,0
10 
625,0
, . 

( )
3,7
17,3
30,2
.: Grenville J.A.S., p.54.
  - ..       
      1917 .     
   .6  ,  
     .
 2
   






/
 










 .
 

 

   

.
 

 

1861
73,6
23,5
19,5
24,4
2,2
177,2
167,1
1900
132,9
986,3
179,1
38,8
53,2
716,2
626,4
1913
170,9
2200,1
283,0
49,2
70,2
1520,1
2316,7
1917
184,6
1749,9
190,5
30,9
81,1
463,9
2316,7
.: .. . (1950), . 452-455.
        ,   1913 . 
        , 
,   .    .

  
       
      .     
           
   .     
         
    XIX . 
 3 
    1899 .


  
  
 
  
. 

 %  

  
. 

 %  


946
0,84
2729
2,41

521
1,08
2370
4,8

552
1,31
2005
4,77
-

317
0,73
1159
2,71

382
0,62
900
1,95

249
0,86
1164
3,86
.: :  , . 176. 
 4 
  ( )     1897 .

   

   

  

284
2,5

229
5,76
-

169
3,81

291
5,57

91
2,91

236
5,76
.: :  , . 179-180.
 1899 .      27,8%   . 
    ( 25%) , ,   
      1880 . ,    
     (.  7).  
,       1897 . - 40%,   - 27,6%.7
,           
   , ..   , , 
, ,      .   
,       .     
   ,   ,   . 
          
         
, , ,     .  
        .
 5 
     (  )
   
1883
1908

458
+46
1068
436

432
270
676
811

584
205
780
320

772
122
1280
231
.:  . " ". , 1911. : .. .  
 , . 28, . 181.
 6 
      1914 .
  





-

 
 ( 
.)
5,4
4,0
1,0
4,35
3,5
 
 
( . . 
 6 
)
490
365
90
395
320
. "The Economist", January 9, 1915, p. 51. 
  6        , 
    .
 ,        
        I,    
  XIX . ,   I  1850 .    
 42,1%    .
  XX    ,    
         
       
,   .
   .         
      - ,  
    .
 7 
  ( .    1840 .,  - 
,  1881 . -  . ;   -   %   )
  

. 
.

 
.
 
.
1804
122163
3181 
(2,6)
1443 
(1,2)
41942 
(34,3)
10742 
(8,8)
1850
287187
2810 
(1,0)
1986 
(0,7)
103045 
(35,9)
17911 
(6,2)
1860
438239
3495 
(0,8)
2196 
(0,5)
106655 
(24,3)
22144 
(5,1)
1870
481764
10284 
(2,1)
2490 
(0,5)
145211 
(30,1)
20135 
(4,2)
1880
694505
16861 
(2,4)
4 787 
(0,7)
208576 
(30,0)
29354 
(4,2)
1890
877789
22639 
(2,6)
4811
(0,5)
228110 
(26,6)
40693 
(4,6)
1900
1599186
33596 
(2,1)
5 390 
(0,3)
331541 
(20,7)
88561 
(5,5)
1913
3094248
143074 
(4,6)
11500 
(0,4)
581100 
(18,8)
244847 
(7,9)
.: ..  (1950), . 446, 450, 514, 515, 518, 519, 524-527.
  ,  ,     .  
     ,    
:    ,    , 
  ,   ,    .  
       1804 .  1913 .,  
    ,   1,2%   I  0,4%  
 II (.  ).

 
     : 1)    
   ; 2)      , ..   
  .
      .   
,   1802 - 1804 . (     
   )      51 577 
. . (     - 10%),      34 
116 . . (   - 17%).   XIX ,  1895 - 1897 .,  
        701 426 . . ( 
   - 73 713 . ., .. 10,5%);      
   562 773 . . ( ..   - 62 219 . .,  11%).8
      , ..     
           
, , .      , 
   (     60%). 
  ,    . ,   
,     .
      XIX     8.
 8 
      1896-1898  ( %)







1

25,1

32,4
2

21,1

18,8
3

10,7

9,3
4

8,9

6,9
5

5,7

4,3
10

0,8
  
  
12

0,3
  
  
. .. .     . ., 
1963, . 211, 216.
     ,      
       ,  , , 
,   3,6%  1850   3,4%  1899  9.   
      .   ,  
      XIX    33,5  ., 
  20%   ,   - 11%,  
 - 10%,  - 8,  - 7.      
- 6%.   - - 5%,  - 5,   - 4%, 
 - 3,5,  - 3,  - 2,5%. 10
       
 .   .. : "  
      
 -     .  1857 - 1868 
        17,6 
.;  1869 - 1876  - 12,8 .,  1881 - 1884  - 18,7 .,  1885 - 
1890  - 28,3 .,  1891 - 1900  - 33 " 11.  
,   1891 .      "" 
() .
         , 
        ,  
 1917 .,        
     (.  9).
 9 
     ,   %

1901
1913
1917
1901
1913
1917
  
  

  
  

  

21%
18%
51%
17%
13%
34%

23%
30%
0%
36%
47%
0%

8%
7%
11%
5%
4%
10%

0%
1%
3%
0%
1%
4%

0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
2%

4%
4%
0%
4%
3%
0%

11%
12%
0%
1%
2%
0%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
0%

5%
4%
28%
4%
4%
9%

0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
..
.
8%
10%
0%
3%
3%
0%


  
  
  
  
  
  
  
83%
89%
94%
71%
78%
61%
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

1%
2%
0%
8%
6%
1%

0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
8%

3%
2%
0%
1%
1%
0%

3%
4%
0%
4%
3%
0%


0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
-
0%
0%
0%
0%
3%
0%
  

7%
9%
0%
14%
15%
8%
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
.
.
1%
1%
6%
6%
6%
30%
..
-
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
  

1%
1%
6%
6%
6%
30%
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 

9%
1%
0%
10%
2%
0%
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100
%
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 :  ..   
  1- , .490-493.
      :  
      ,  
  ,     ,   .

    
          ,   
   .       
 ,          
 ,   . ,   
..     ,      
  , : "  
      ,   
  .    ,  
          ,   
  . ,      
   ,   ,   
    ,     
     ".12
      , , , ,  
   ,        
 ,        . 
,       .      
 ,        
,        
 .
,   : "      
:       
.      -  
       
  .   
  1/3     ,  
       
 , ,   . :,   
     1860 .,    
       1860  1900 
".13
    . 
  1898 .    1146    
  2061  .,       1806  .  
 - 255  .       
  115    337  .  1898 .   
   23       
 96  ..14       1/6   
  ,   .    
 ,   ,       
,   . ,    
      , -
     -     
, -  "  "   
    ,  .  1908 .   
 "" ( ,  ,     II) 
      " - ". 15
    "  "      . 
 "    " (.-, 1914),   
     ""    
.      . (   - 
 ,   -  "").
"  etc.", "     -", "  ' " 
"  ,      
    ,    
: 1) - , 2)   , 3) 
 ,           
    " (55).
" 1906 .         
  "    ",   ,   
".-   ",  
;     " ",   
""  .      3/4 
  ( ). " "  "" 
      .   
" (82).
/ 1913 . (  )
{.-.   )  " ":   - 4 
:  ;  ; ;  . 
  - 2 :  -; -
.   - 5 : -,  
, -, "" (  ) - 
. + 8    (   ) [99]}.
"     , ,   
 "",    "",    - 
"",      . -   
 (     etc.) "    
  .      
     :" (137) [100].
"        
 : 1)     5  
 - 55%, 2) - ""  - 35%, 3) - 
  2  - 10% (212) [105].
     .. "      
" (, 1914).
    : 1912:  - 371,2  , 
 - 401,3  . /225/, ..     
 .
       
: 1912 .   - 34-50%   .   
.,   - 1/2  .  ,  , 
, , , , 
  - 71,8% , 12,6 - , 7,4% - , 8,2 - 
 [226].
          , 
  - ,   , ,   ..  
         
.        
.        
   ,     
.16      
,      . 
   ,    , 
   .
           
 1/3 - 2/5,      .17
         ,      
       . 
          
     1  1917 . 47%,    
,  -, - 79,     
- 58,   - 50%  .. (, 1950, 385).    
 II   20-30%   ,  1913 . - 60-
70%,   1917 . - 90-95%.18       
,     (  
 )   : "...    
    7,5   1870 .  43   1914 . ... 
:      
".19     ,   
  :       
 .
          , 
  1906  1909 .   (      ?) 
  ,       10  (1904-
1913 .)   1,7  ,     
  . 20
  .     8,8  .  1913 . 
  50   1917 ..21
 , ,   ,        
,  , ,  "  ",     
    .     
       "  
1914 " (., 1961), ,    .  : 
"  ,      
   ,     
         
,           
        
  " (.629). 
    ,    " " 
          
       ,    
 (. 634).
,       . . . 
,    " 32  21 ,   
     60%   
" (.632).       
 " " (.633).
  ,   "", ""      
       :   ,    
.        (.634).
             
.  : "-     
       , 
, , ;       ,  
          
         
,  , , ,     
  ,    
        
  1915 , , ,     
  " (. 631).
  ,  ,    
     22 (        
),   ,    .  : 
 -      
  ,   . ,  
    ,     
.         . 
,     .   .    , 
"         
,     . ,  
       ". 23

-  
       ,  
       . " 
 ", -       
  ,     -. It depends,   
.      :  ? ,  
 " "     .
  ,     2  1887 .  
    11,5 .      
  1917 . ,    24  1890 .   
 : "   , 
         ,  
        ,   
 ,    ,     
  .    
 , ,      . 
          
   ,       
    ". 24
           
  .   ,    "" , 
     100 .  ,   
,    170   400 ,   ,  
    (,   , 
 )    ,   5 
  7 .
      1900-1913 . ,  
     .    -  
   .   . : " ,  
  1914 .    ,   1860 .". 25
, ,        
,     1877-1914 .: "     
      , ..        
.    ,  ,  ,  ,   
,           . ? - 
     ".26     
     ?     , 
  ,     ,  
  : "   1900 .    
    XIV ". 27
 ,     ,       
  ,      : 
 1912 .     725 . ,  1913 . - 887 .  1 250 
.  3      1914 .. 28
     .      
       ,    
    (.     ).  
  .   ,      
  .      
  ,    .   
  15%     .  
,        
"starvation exports".  ,  . ,    
 "  ,    ".   
  ,  .29
           
 . ,      
.  : "     
  ,   :    .  
,        1892 .  1903 .,   
  ,      ,  
        
,         ,   
,  ".30
,          
 .       
.   1906 - 1910 .   4000  
.        
    .      
   24     .  "- " 
  1000    1906 .   1907 .,   
    ,   
 1905  1908 ..31      . . 
     ..  : "   1906 ., 
  ,     14 . .  1907 
 1908 .       5 .". 32
 ,         
    ,     ,   
    .       
      .    
         
: "      
   .      
;     -
   .  ,       
      , , 
           
     ".33

    
 , ,    -  
   II,    .  
        
.
 ,     "  ",   
       . ,   .34  
 ,     .  -  
     ,   
.
 ,          
  .  ,        
 ,   : " II   
    " (. 57),   .. 
 - "  ".35
       "" -  .    
: " ,     II   
. -   ,      
      ,    
". 36       : ":  
II,     ,    
,   ,  , ,   , 
 ,         
 ()     ,   ,   
 ,     ,  
,  .    - ,    
 ( I),      ". 37
     . .   : " 
 ", " ", ""  ,  
. 38
   ,        
    (     67,8 
  ""   ).   . ,   
    50  . (     
 100  . ).     12 
 .    - 
  80  ..39
      .  1905 .  
         
   -   II    II.  
      , ,     
;        ; 24 .  
  , 50 . -     
, 40 . -    , 25 . -   
 , 30 . -    .   
        
 . 40  , ",  ".
      : "  
     ,     
  ,         
   ,      .  
    ,     
 ,         
,    - ".41
,      .    
 : ":   ,    
  17  1905 .,      
   ".42   : "    
  ,       
     ,       
 ,     ,      , 
, ,         
 ,         
 ,    ".43
     ""   .     
   . 

    
          
         . 
       ,    
        . ,  
    : "    
  ,   1892 .      
   .     , 
,    ,    
  ,       
   .      
    ".44      , 
 :      
 "        
   ".  , 
"        -   
  " ( ).
      ,      
 .
          , 
    "".  : "   
            .   
,       ,    .    1900 
.         ,  
          
 ".45
        , , 
         
   . .    , 
   . 
     24-26  1891 .  : "  
  ,   ,     
  ,    , , 
,      ".46  
,         .
         
  .         
      90- ,        
.       -,   
  ( , , . )    XIX 
.              . 
         15  1887 . : 
"   ,    ,     
   . , ,   -    
   ,   .      
   ,  .     
            
   ,       . 
,   , -    
-      , , , 
   ,    ,   , 
      , 
  ;     ;  
      , -  , 
         ,  
  ;   ,   
       ;    
:         
 " (. 21, . 361)   .  9  1893 .  : 
"  ,    ,     
,  -   ,  -   
     ,      ,   
      .   
      ,       
        
  " (. 39, . 23-24). 
        24  1892 .    
: "  ,    ,   
,       -   
" (38, . 431).
         .
     18  1994 .  : "   
-   ,    :    
  ,     " (. 39, . 291). .  
(27  1894 .): ":     ,   
       :"(. 39, . 293). 
   5  1895 .: "      
 ,   " (. 39, . 349).
           
           
  .          
 .

      XX 
 ,         
 ,     
: 1)     (       
   ,   
     ); 2)    
 ; 3)  ; 4)  ; 5)  
; 6)    .  , 
          
   .    
      ,     
  ,      , , 
, , -, . 
     .
1.   .
 10         
           
. 
 10 
    ( ) 1910-13
  









-







 (),
1910 .
64,9
45,0
39,2
34,7
52,4
97,6
132
,1
 ( 
)
( 
)
14, 8
9,8
4,7
0,4
2,2
30,2
3,9

( 
)
15,34
6,94
4, 09
0,83
2,46
 
4,2
0
, 
. 
 
( 
)
251,5
292,0
39,9
 
50,7
450,
2
30,
2
/ 
(1913)
( . 
)
63,7
37,7
51,2
17,6
46,2
410,
9
62,
2
.: J.A.S. Greenville. A History:, pp.16, 24-25, 33, 53-54.   ,  
  - / - .  : .. .   
. .28, .462-463, 468.
   ,     
         , , 
  .       , 
       .   
  ,  1913 .    4,4%  
 ,       - 35,8%,  - 14,3, 
 - 14,1,  - 7,0%.       , 
   1,2%.47
   ,     , "   
    1913 .  ,   1901 . 
       
          
    ,    ". 48
2.    .
      .    , 
        " " 
,   . " 50   1860  1910 .   
        
     -     ".49 
   : " 1900 .        
 1/8    1/6  ;      
 1/10  1/8.  1913 .   1/10     
 ,  ,        
.        
".50
      .. (  
     100 ),  ,  
       1917 .  9 
,      22 ,    
  (27 .),  (13 .),      
, .          6 .51
3.  .
      .    
    ,     
     ,   -  ( 
,   ).
4.  .
     6   ,   1913 .    
     4%.
5. .
  -    . 
        
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      XX .

  
1. ,       " 
",       .. .
2. , 1995, 12, . 3.
3. Aleksandr M. Heller, Mikhail Nekrich. Utopia in Power. History of Soviet Union from 
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The Belknap Press of Harvard Un-ty, 1994.
6. .. .     XIX-XX . 1800-1917. ., 
1950.
7. . :  . .: , 1991, . 205.
8. . :  , . 331.
9. .. .     . ., 
1963, . 202.
10. . :  , . 331.
11. .. .     , . 223.
12. .. .   . ., 1982, . 181.
13. Michael Kort. The Soviet Colossus. The Rise and Fall of the USSR.NY, 1993, p.47-
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14. :  , . 323.
15.     .  VII. .,1960, . 465, 468.
16.       3    1890 .  
12,4   1914 .,   3/4     . - 
J.A.C. Grenville. A History:, p. 28.
17. .. .   , . 183.
18. .. .     .  
    . .: 1993. . : 
, 1995,  12, . 2.
19. , 16.X.1993.
20.     .  VII, . 465.
21.     .  VII, .561.
22.            
 .         : 
    ,   -   (1913 .). - . 
, . 636.
23. .. . . .:, 1991, . 395.
24. :  , . 281.
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30. Michael Kort. The Soviet Colossus, ibid.
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32. . . : .. .    . .: , 1988, 
. 14.
33. R.R. Palmer.& Joel Colton. A History of the Modern World. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 
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34.  ,      . ,  
" " "  II   " (: "", 1921).
35. H. F. Pringle. Theodore Roosevelt. NY:Macmillan, 1931, p. 385.
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37. .. . . ., . 596-597.
38. ..     , . 92.
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41. . .  , . 10.
42. .. .  , . 391. 
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(.: , 1991).
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52. :  , . 206.
53.  , 01.04.99.
54. :  , . 417.
55. .  , . 224-225.
56. . . .      , . 145.
57.  , 01.04.99.
58. . . .      , . 105.
59.   200-  ..    
   ..   ,    
     "   , 
,     ,   ".  
,   ,   " 
      ",  
  "     ". - 
.. .    . - , 1998,  5, . 4, 5.  
    ,      
        ,  
    , : "  -
       
1878 " (. 5).          .  
         
, ,   ,   ,   -  
  .  , ,    
 .
60.     , .. ,      
  .
61. . . Henry Kissinger. Diplomacy. NY::Touchstone Book, 1994, p. 206-208. 
62.  .  .  -   
  . ,     -  
.  -   ,     
         .
63. . . "    ". .- 1914, .72). - .: 
.. . , . 28, . 96.
64. . .: ..  ..   . ., 1961.
65. .  , 11-17  1999 ., . 15.
66. H. F. Pringle. Theodore Roosevelt, p. 385.
67. . : Henry Kissinger. Diplomacy, p. 42.
68.     underdog  ""   
"",    ,   " 
".
69.  .. ..  - . .: , 1989, . 235.
70.            
,     . ., , .. . 
    (  1914 .). .: , 1964; 
. .  :   . .: , 
1964.
71.  , .VII, . 561, 562.
72.   , 6  1998 .
73. . : Daniel Rancour-Lafferriere. The Slave Soul of Russia. Moral Masochism 
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. 378.
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79. . .:  . .:, 1963, . II, . 734-766.
80. Henry Kissinger. Diplomacy, p. 181-182.
